Productivity and economic performance over 15 years of agroforestry compared to monocultures: What can a long-term trial teach us?

Complex agroforestry systems (AFS) had lower cocoa yields but higher total yields due to marketable by-crops compared to monocultures. Net margins were similar across complex organic AFS and monocultures, when all crops were included. Economic profitability is highly sensitive to the market conditions for cocoa and by-crops.