Unlocking novel phenolic diversity through green extraction and mechanistic insights accelerates sustainable functional food innovation and translation

This review synthesizes the emerging paradigm for phenolic compound valorization, transitioning from isolated discovery to integrated biorefinery platforms that unlock the hidden diversity within underutilized taxa, agri-food discards, and marine sources. Specifically, we critically evaluate six green extraction technologies, revealing that no single platform universally reconciles selectivity, efficiency, and scalability, thereby necessitating matrix-specific optimization and hybrid cascades. Mechanistically, the basis of phenolic bioactivity is reconceptualized, shifting from direct radical scavenging to sophisticated prooxidant signaling that activates Nrf2-mediated cytoprotection, modulates inflammatory networks via NF-κB and inflammasome pathways, and depends on gut microbial biotransformation to generate bioactive metabolites. To translate these insights into applications, advanced formulation strategies, including matrix engineering, sensory optimization, and nano-delivery systems, are essential to stabilize labile phenolics and enhance bioavailability. Collectively, this comprehensive analysis provides a cohesive framework that connects phenolic discovery, green extraction, mechanistic bioactivity, and formulation strategies to catalyze the rational design of functional foods within sustainable circular biorefineries. Finally, translating this phenolic diversity into clinically validated products will require harmonized analytical standards, robust human trials, and regulatory frameworks that accommodate novel sources while ensuring consumer safety.